Outline and Evaluate Research Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Research Essay Many eyewitnesses are called to testify because they have witnessed a crime, accident or incident. The anxiety if this may cause an affect on the reliability of their EWT. There are two main issues in this question: firstly the prediction of the Yerkes Dodson Law that as arousal increases, then so does performance weather spotting, stage performance, or memory encoding, up to an individual optimum level. However, after this optimum level it is suggested that the performance of the individual will decline, this could be triggered by terror. This theory was supported by Deffenbacher et al’s research. The second issue is the â€Å"weapons focus effect†; In Easterbrook’s research he predicted that attention will narrow to the source of the threat e.g the knife the man is holding therefore peripheral detail is lost e.g the details of the perpertrator’s face. This was supported by Loftus’s laboratory studies in an artificial environment using film and slides, using independent groups design, where a control conditions showed the participants a similar scene without weapons. In the first group they had a scene which they believed to be a real life violent crime involving a weapon, results showed that the participants remembered the knife in great detail but no other features, such as the perpetrator’s face clothing etc. However the participants in the control conditions witnessed the same person but only in a peaceful situation and the participants were able to recognise the man when given 50 photos. When we examine real life eye witness testimony recall however, there is excellent recall of detail, and the weapons-focus effect was not supported. Yullie and Cutshall (1986) conducted a natural experiment on 13 out of 21 bystanders who had witnessed a violent shooting 4-5 months previously. There recall was detailed and accurate and they were resistant to leading questions months after the event. Therefore, this suggest that bystanders had reached the optimum level ( Yerkes Dodson Law) when they they witnessed the death of the robber who had previously wounded the owner in Vancouver gun shop before the owner killed him. Weapon focus did not influence witness recall. Therefore we need to examine witnesses to the violent crime who faced a weapon rather than a bystander to confirm the effect of weapon focus shown by Loftus. The natural experiment conducted by Christanson and Hubinette (1993) in Sweden re-interviewed 58 witnesses (customers and bank tellers) to bank robberies that occurred around Stockholm in one year. Those witnesses who faced the weapon (bank  tellers) they had better recall and accuracy of the event after a period of time rather than the bystanders. Optimum arousal is suggested but weapon focus is challenged. The ecological validity of this evidence is high although the participants cannot be randomly assigned to the experiment and there is no control condition as there would be in a laboratory experiment. However, Laboratory experiments lack the intense arousal of a real crime so the supposed weapons effect may be the effect of distinct and unexpected events distracting participants to the unusual element in the familiar. A strong point of Loftus’s field experiment and supports the weapon focus effect; is that it has ecological validity and comparison to the control condition provide strong support. A criticism is the inability of researchers fro randomly allocate participants in this study to experimental and control conditions to control individual differences.

Bandwidth :: essays research papers

Computers store all information as binary numbers. The binary number system uses two binary digits, 0 and 1, which are called bits. The amount of data that a computer network can transfer in a certain amount of time is called the bandwidth of the network and is measured in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (mbps). A kilobit is 1 thousand bits; a megabit is 1 million bits. A dial-up telephone modem can transfer data at rates up to 56 kbps; DSL and cable modem connections are much faster and can transfer at several mbps. The Internet connections used by businesses often operate at 155 mbps, and connections between routers in the heart of the Internet may operate at rates from 2,488 to 9,953 mbps (9.953 gigabits per second) The terms wideband or broadband are used to characterize networks with high capacity and to distinguish them from narrowband networks, which have low capacity. Research on dividing information into packets and switching them from computer to computer began in the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded a research project that created a packet switching network known as the ARPANET. ARPA also funded research projects that produced two satellite networks. In the 1970s ARPA was faced with a dilemma: Each of its networks had advantages for some situations, but each network was incompatible with the others. ARPA focused research on ways that networks could be interconnected, and the Internet was envisioned and created to be an interconnection of networks that use TCP/IP protocols. In the early 1980s a group of academic computer scientists formed the Computer Science NETwork, which used TCP/IP protocols. Other government agencies extended the role of TCP/IP by applying it to their networks: The Department of Energy's Magnetic Fusion Energy Network (MFENet), the High Energy Physics NETwork (HEPNET), and the National Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET). In the 1980s, as large commercial companies began to use TCP/IP to build private internets, ARPA investigated transmission of multimedia—audio, video, and graphics—across the Internet. Other groups investigated hypertext and created tools such as Gopher that allowed users to browse menus, which are lists of possible options. In 1989 many of these technologies were combined to create the World Wide Web.

Breaking Through Essay

Throughout the book â€Å"Breaking Through,† Francisco Jinemez discusses many themes. This book is an interesting and a must read book for people who moving to another country and trying to get a better life. There are three themes in the novel that one must follow in order to understand and earn a meaningful life: family, work, and education. First of all, family is the first school in which a child receives the basic values of life. When Francisco was young, his family moved to America, hoping to get a better life. He grew up in a poor family. The six members in his family are his parents, (how many? 3? ) brothers, and sister. His family suffers and struggles with many hardships because they were not coherent English speakers. His mother is a caring and thoughtful woman who places her family as an important priority. She gives Francisco a lot of advice that helped him solve many of his problems. All the members of his family are friendly except his father. His father always yells at him and Roberto when they ask to go out. Although his mood changes invariably like the weather, they still respect him completely. Francisco spends a lot of time with his big brother since their ages are close to each other. Francisco’s love for his family is never-ending. In one part of the book, Francisco and his brother, Roberto, moved away from their family to a different city to live by themselves. At the beginning, Francisco misses his family so much that he can’t help but reminisce about the time when they still lived together. Francisco often misses â€Å"the sounds of [his] Papa’s coughing, the rattle of his aspirin bottle, and the rolling of Mama’s twelve-inch lead pipe† (19). Being away from his family occasionally makes Francisco think of all the little things about his life when he lived with his parents. Jimeneez illustrated an image of Francisco’s life before he moved to _____ in order to demonstrate how Francisco’s strong ties to his family causes him to think about when they were still living together. Everyone has to work whether to earn money or get experience for a better future. When Francisco was still in middle school, he supported his family by working. His work was to pick cotton, carrot, or strawberry, depending on the season. Francisco’s father has trouble with his back, so he could not work as well as he did before. Things get worse when Roberto got married because he is unable to support the family anymore because he needs the money to build his own family. Francisco and his father become depressed as they worry for their life and survival. They often wonder how they will survive with the limited amount of money they receive from their work. Life is tough for them. Why do we have to go to school? It is the best option for our future. In general, achieving an education is not an easy thing to do. It is even harder for Francisco who moved to another country. Although he has problem with English, he never stop trying to learn it. In addition to getting a good education, Francisco also has to help support his family. This caused him to miss many school days. In his senior year, he hears good news from his teacher that he might be able to get a scholarship. He discusses the news with his family, but his father did not approve. Francisco could not control himself and finally talk back to his father that why cannot he get into college. Francisco felt ‘’anger [swallowing him] and [he] could not escape it† (168) Francisco felt passionate about his education because it is the only hope for Francisco to escape his poor life. He believes that he must fight for it because education is not only a ladder to success, but it will also give him knowledge to become a useful person in the future. In conclusion, Jimenez is trying to demonstrate survival and hardship through these themes. These are themes that would help us break through all the hardships in life. A better future depends on our hope and courage.

Women and Advertisements Essay - 2564 Words

Women and Advertisements The average American is exposed to hundreds of advertisements per day. Advertisements targeted toward females have an enormous effect on womens thoughts, attitudes, perceptions, and actions. Most of the time, women dont even realize these advertisements are formulating self-image issues. These ideals surround them daily and they become naturalized to the ads. Advertising creates an entire worldview persuading women to emulate the images they see all around them. In order to create a market for their products, companies constantly prey upon womens self esteem, to feel like they arent good enough just the way they are. This makes women constantly feel stressed out about their appearance (Moore). Advertising†¦show more content†¦The ideal weight portrayed in advertisements keeps decreasing, which is making dieting more popular. Fad diets area everywhere trying to give us â€Å"loose weight quick† plans. According to a study done by the Body Image Project in 2000, roughly 80 percent of 10 year olds have already tried dieting (â€Å"What†). Dieting advertisements even depict overweight women as miserable. They are slightly overweight with stringy hair and a frown on their face. Women relate to this image and become unhappy with themselves like the women in the picture. The people in the after photos always look so glamorous! They are slimmer, happier, have a smile on their face, and total makeovers. Even the advertisements for weight loss products are fake and exaggerated, but women see these images and want to be like them. These diets are too strict and not long term, thus, creating a recurring cycle of disappointment and failure. There are diet pills, cellulite creams, metabolism boosters, and even products that claim to put â€Å"exercise in a bottle† at every end cap of major discount stores (â€Å"Every†). All these products encourage women to want to look better. Companies need to advertise a healthy lifestyle rather than telling people they should do whatever it takes to look like the images seen on TV. Women have a sense of pride when they loose a few pounds or have a good hair day. That feeling is rapidly taken away when they compare themselves to these manufactured images. Poor self-esteem ensues.Show MoreRelatedAdvertisement Advertisements For Women s Advertising921 Words   |  4 Pagessearch of customers for the companies’ products. As a result, the necessity of target-advertising can’t be underestimated. After all, women had no reason to purchase a $50000 necklace until Pandora proposed the tagline, ‘your jewelry isn’t just jewelry,’ in its latest advertisement in Cosmopolitan Magazine (Pandora. Cosmopolitan). In that regard, modern advertisements paint a stereotypical image of an ‘ideal’ woman as the classy being, appareled in artificial, perhaps fake, beauty. If it’s not theRea d MoreWomen And Women s Advertisement843 Words   |  4 PagesMen and Women’s Advertisement A commercial is one of the advertisements that we could see in life. When you turn on television, you could see a lot of commercials before programs start. In Men’s Men and Women’s Women, Steve Craig, an author, claims that â€Å"advertisers seem quite willing to manipulate †¦ fantasies and exploit our anxieties, especially those concerning our gender identities.† However, Stan Hope disagrees since he assumes that â€Å"the ads he describes are just light hearted to stories designedRead MoreThe Objectification and Dehumanization of Women in Advertisement1250 Words   |  5 Pagesexpose ourselves to thousands of advertisements in a wide variety of environments where ever we go; yet, we fail to realize the influence of the implications being sold to us on these advertisements, particularly about women. 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In consideration to the evolution of man kind gender roles have evolved immensely throughout time, although advertisements have not kept up with this process of evolution. Companies to this day use their tactics and skills to reach out to specific genders such as pretty fonts with a stylish message, whileRead MoreEffects Of Advertisements On Women s Body784 Words   |  4 PagesOff With Her Head If advertisements are going to cut off women’s heads or faces, then they should also cut off a man’s face and head. If advertisements are selling the same product then both men and women need to be treated equally, when it comes to being paid. Have you ever looked at an ad and thought wow that man has a sexy body. Men have you ever looked at an ad and thought wow that women has a sexy body. Well, you’re not the only one. However, have you ever noticed that one add, where youRead MoreHydroxycut Advertisements and Their Effects on Young Women2144 Words   |  9 PagesInstructor Reyes English 102 29 April 2012 Hydroxycut Advertisements and Their Effects on Young Women Iovative Health Sciences, Inc. is the owner of the diet supplement brand Hydroxycut. The company advertises through numerous media channels to reach its countless viewers. The Hydroxycut advertisements are most commonly visual images like commercials, billboards, and print ads that carry a voice all their own. With teen girls and young women being the majority of Hydroxycut’s audience it is onlyRead MoreAdvertisements And Geared Towards Young Women1776 Words   |  8 PagesHow is abortion portrayed in advertisements and geared towards young women Throughout society, people are torn over the issue of abortion, whether you are pro-choice or pro-life. There are people who want abortion to become illegal, putting an end to the decision started so long ago under Roe vs. Wade. It is through advertisements that women are targeted rather than just educated about the facts and the topic at hand. Advertisements can sway opinions because they prey on societies emotionsRead MoreGendered Advertisements On Women s Advertising1873 Words   |  8 PagesGendered Advertisements Advertisements in todays media portray an unrealistic view of what it means to be a man or a woman. It is a very narrow, dichotomous structure that only few individuals can fit. We are exposed to these ads, in various forms, hundreds of times throughout the day. There is no in between. Magazines geared towards men and women’s interests are completely saturated with these advertisements. Magazine advertisements impose an unrealistic portrayal of how to â€Å"do gender† and they